Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening neurological disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system. It leads to muscle weakness and, in severe cases, paralysis. While the exact cause remains unknown, experts suggest that GBS often follows viral or bacterial infections. Early detection and timely medical intervention play a crucial role in recovery, making it essential to be aware of its symptoms and risk factors. But how common is GBS? What are the triggers? We got in touch with experts who share do's and don'ts to follow to keep yourself safe.

What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?

GBS occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to muscle weakness, numbness, and in some cases, respiratory problems. The condition typically progresses over four weeks before symptoms stabilize, and recovery can take anywhere from 8 to 12 weeks. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, over 90 per cent of patients recover completely, while 5 per cent-10 per cent may experience residual neurological impairment that can improve with rehabilitation.

According to Dr Annu Aggarwal, Consultant in neurology and specialist in Cognitive and Behavioural Neurology at Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, "Guillain-Barre Syndrome is rare, affecting approximately 100,000 people worldwide each year. The condition primarily causes weakness in the legs, which may progress to the arms, neck, face, and even breathing muscles. Early medical intervention is key to preventing severe complications."

How Common is GBS?

As per Dr Aggarwal, despite being a rare condition, GBS can have serious consequences if not addressed promptly. It is estimated that around 100,000 cases occur globally each year. Although its incidence is low, the impact on affected people can be severe.

Recognizing the Warning Signs

Early detection of GBS can significantly improve outcomes. According to Dr Vinit Banga, Director-Neurology, Fortis Hospital, Faridabad, "The first signs of GBS often appear as tingling sensations or weakness in the legs, which can quickly spread to the arms and upper body. In severe cases, it can impair breathing and require emergency medical intervention."

Some of the early symptoms include:

- Tingling or numbness in the hands and feet.

- Progressive muscle weakness.

- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.

- Intense, debilitating pain.

- Weakness in facial muscles, affecting speech, chewing, or swallowing.

- Severe cases may lead to respiratory distress requiring immediate medical attention.

Potential Causes and Triggers of GBS

Although the exact cause of GBS remains unknown, it is commonly triggered by infections. Dr. Banga shares the following potential triggers:

- Respiratory infections.

- Gastrointestinal infections, particularly Campylobacter jejuni.

- Viral infections such as Epstein-Barr virus or Zika virus.

- Rarely, vaccinations or surgical procedures.

While vaccines are occasionally mentioned as possible triggers, there is no strong scientific evidence linking modern vaccines to GBS. Vaccines help reduce the risk of infections that may contribute to GBS development.

Dos and Don’ts to Protect Yourself from GBS

To stay safe, Dr Aggarwal shares some do's and don'ts you must follow to keep GBS at bay.

Dos:

1. Seek Medical Attention Immediately – If you experience muscle weakness, difficulty walking, or trouble swallowing and breathing, consult a doctor without delay. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial.

2. Maintain Good Hygiene – Infections can trigger GBS, so washing hands frequently, avoiding contaminated food, and practising proper sanitation can reduce risk.

3. Stay Updated on Vaccinations – Flu shots and other vaccines lower infection risks that may lead to GBS. There is no scientific basis for concerns linking vaccines to GBS.

4. Monitor Recovery Closely – If you have had GBS before, regular follow-ups with a neurologist are essential. Rehabilitation, including physiotherapy and nutritional support, plays a significant role in complete recovery.

5. Follow a Healthy Lifestyle – A strong immune system can prevent infections that might trigger GBS. Eating a balanced diet, engaging in moderate exercise, and managing stress effectively can contribute to overall health.

Don’ts:1. Ignore Early Symptoms – Weakness, numbness, or mobility issues should not be dismissed as mere fatigue. GBS can progress rapidly, making early intervention crucial.

2. Self-Medicate – Avoid over-the-counter or unprescribed medications if you suspect GBS. A neurologist should determine the appropriate course of treatment.

3. Panic About Vaccines – Myths about vaccines causing GBS are misleading. In reality, vaccinations help prevent infections that could otherwise trigger the condition.

4. Neglect Follow-ups – Recovery from GBS takes time. Skipping therapy or medical check-ups can delay recovery and lead to complications.

5. Delay Hospitalization in Severe Cases – If symptoms worsen, particularly if breathing or swallowing becomes difficult, seek emergency medical care immediately. ICU admission may be required for proper monitoring and treatment.

Treatment and Recovery

GBS is a medical emergency requiring immediate hospitalization. Treatments such as plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) help reduce the immune system's attack on the nerves, preventing further damage and aiding in faster recovery. "Early recognition and intervention are vital in improving prognosis and recovery," says Dr Banga.

Most patients recover well with therapy and rehabilitation, although some may require long-term physiotherapy for full muscle strength restoration. The earlier the intervention, the better the chances of complete recovery.

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