Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of vision impairment among adults aged 50 and older, causing significant impairment in the quality of life. This is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, which is the part of the retina for central vision. Critical for activities such as reading, driving, and the recognition of faces, understanding the link between age and risk for AMD would help in early intervention and appropriate management.
Age is the Biggest Risk Factor
As the name itself suggests, age is the biggest risk factor for AMD. The condition usually manifests with age, and the risk is substantially higher after 60. According to studies, about one in 10 people between 50 and 60 years may exhibit early manifestations of AMD, while the prevalence goes up to about one in three in those over 75 years of age. This increase is largely because of cumulative cellular damage and slower repair mechanisms with age.
Formation of Drusen
One key factor is oxidative stress. It develops when free radicals are produced faster than the body can neutralise. The gradual damage caused to retinal cells due to oxidative stress results in drusen, tiny yellow deposits located at the back of the eye—the hallmark sign of AMD. Furthermore, the decreased blood supply to the retina and lower efficiency in removing waste products due to aging exacerbate the risk.
Lifestyle Factors
While age is an unmodifiable factor, there are several lifestyle factors that may determine the progression of AMD. For instance, smoking doubles the risk because it causes oxidative damage and reduces blood flow to the retina. The diet is another factor, lacking antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and essential nutrients such as lutein and zeaxanthin, which increases the susceptibility.
Preventative Measures
Regular examinations of the eye, especially for the age group 50 and older, are an essential tool, allowing for early detection and timely intervention. Nutritional supplementation, such as the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) formulation, will slow the rate of progression in the patient with intermediate or advanced AMD.
Additionally, living healthy—smoking cessation, dietary intake with good amounts of greens and fish, regular exercise, and protecting one's eyes from UV rays—is also an attenuating factor in the risk.
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